Indonesian Mountain

About Carstensz Pyramid

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CARSTENSZ PYRAMID 4,884 metres / 16,023 feet – as one of the world’s seven summit become unreasonable to climb

Location : West Papua Province, Indonesia
Range : Sudirman Mountains
Coordinates : 4°5′S 137°11′ECoordinates: 4°5′S 137°11′E

Puncak Jaya, sometimes called Mount Carstensz or the Carstensz Pyramid, is the highest mountain on the island of New Guinea, on the Australia-New Guinea continent and in Oceania. It is the highest point between the Himalaya and the Andes and the highest island peak in the world. The peak is located in what is variously called the Sudirman Range or the Dugunduguoo, in the western central highlands of Papua, the Indonesian western half of the island, and is the highest peak in the country.

HISTORY
Puncak Jaya was originally called ‘Carstensz Pyramid’, after Dutch explorer Jan Carstensz who first sighted the glaciers on the peak of the mountain on a rare clear day in 1623 (Carstensz was ridiculed in Europe when he said he had seen snow near the equator). This name is still used among mountaineers. Although the snowfield of Puncak Jaya was reached as early as 1909 by a Dutch explorer, Hendrik A. Lorentz, the peak was not climbed until 1962, by an expedition led by the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer (of Seven Years in Tibet fame) with three friends, Temple, Kippax and Huizenga.

PERMIT AND ACCESS
As you visit Irian Jaya, you will be requested a police permit or in bahasa “Surat Jalan / Travelling Permit”. Please provide 2 photographs, 4 x 6 size, with red background and a copy of passport when you register the expedition.

Our Expedition Trip offers two route options of the Carstensz Pyramid Expedition program: first, trekking route crossing rainforest from Sugapa/Bilogai and second, by private helicopter from Nabire directly to Base Camp Danau – Danau valley.

Indonesia Mountain

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Most Spectacular Volcano

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Climbing Mountains in Indonesia

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When I write ‘climbing mountains’, I don’t mean the likes of Everest or Mount Kinabalu, but rather those volcanoes, distinct or otherwise, located across the archipelago. Over the decades I have scaled quite a few. There are several matters you should take into consideration when the desire to do a Sir Edmund Hillary on any climb. First and foremost make sure you let somebody know the day you go out to climb and this applies to any major trek you take on in Indonesia. The simple reason being that if anything did go wrong on your sojourn then it will give the relative authorities an idea where to look for you. This is only common sense. In my opinion it is always advisable to use a local guide as they know the best ways up and down the mountain.

Importantly, take plenty of water. I generally carry (depending on the height of the mountain) four litres, sometimes six. Carrying some kind of nourishment like energy bars and fruit is also essential. You have to feed the body for energy!. Sensible clothing is also advised as is a hat to protect you from the sun’s ferocity. Decent footwear is also imperative because the terrain on the mountain can change dramatically. Lightweight clothing is the best but ensure you carry a lightweight jumper and rain jacket in your daypack. Many times I have found when descending the mountain later on in the evening, it is cold and depending on the part of Indonesia and season, it more often than not rains. The same applies to ascending. This brings me to an important point – NEVER start your climb late. Always start before daybreak or earlier if possible to avoid the increasing heat of the day.

Most importantly, take your time ascending and have short breaks to take in the panorama and give the body a rest. So many times I have seen climbers rush to the caldera only to be totally wiped and dead tired. The mountain isn’t going anywhere!. And, when you are thirsty, drink. Thirst is the first sign of oncoming dehydration. It is IMPERATIVE you carry some kind of first aid kit. Accidents occur and nobody is immune to these. Last but not least, ENJOY YOUR CLIMB!.

Here’s an interesting article from Bali Discovery about a group of Indonesians planning to climb7 mountains on 7 continents:

Climb Every Mountain

Indonesian Seven Summit Expedition to Climb 7 Mountains on 7 Continents to Celebrate Visit Indonesia Year 2008.

Indonesia’s Department of Culture and Tourism has joined forced with the Indonesian Federation of Mountaineering (FMI) to mount a national expedition to climb 7 of the world’s largest mountain tops between March 2008 and September 2009.

The ambitious program, intended to help celebrate Visit Indonesia Year 2008 (VIY2008), was announced to the press at a joint meeting of the FMI and the Tourism Department held in March in Jakarta. The Chairman of the FMI, Jody Alexander, said the Indonesian climbers would bring honor to the Nation while at the same time supporting the VIY 2008 initiative.

The Indonesian Seven Summit Expedition

A Herculean initiative that will require 219 days of climbing will include Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa (5,963 meters – 17 days); Mount Denali/McKinley in the U.S. State of Alaska (6,194 meters – 23 day); Mount Cartensz Pyramid in Papua, Indonesia (4,884 meters – 15 days); Mount Elbrus in Russia (5,624 meters - 14 days); Mount Vinson Massif in Antarctica (4,897 meters – 20 days); Mount Aconcagua in Argentina (6,962 meters – 21 days); and Mount Everest in Tibet/Nepal (8,850 meters – 68 days).

Alexander told the press that the purpose of the The Indonesian Seven Summit Expedition was not to set any world records, but to promote Indonesian tourism to the world and help mark the 100 years celebration of the National Day of Awakening on May 20, 2008 – the anniversary of the founding the Boedi Oetomo movement. The massive undertaking of climbing 7 mountains on 7 continents will see the Indonesian climbers spend 219 days on the slopes, a period in excess of the world record of completing the 7 mountain climb in 5 months held by an Indian climbing team.

The FMI expedition will include only 5 team members, comprised of 2 climbers and 3 minders who will only follow the climbers only as far as the base camp at the foot of each of the 7 mountains.

According to Alexander, the small size of the expedition team is a function of the high cost of mounting the effort. For example, Alexander explained that the cost of climbing Kilimanjaro will consume between US$3,000 and US$5,000 per person. To complete the expedition to conquer seven mountains the total costs at will therefore range between US$105,000 to US$175,000.

According to one of the climbers joining the expedition, the Indonesian group will climb Mount Cho Oyu in the Himalayas (8,201 meters – 41 days) as a warm-up to acclimate the climbers before tackling Mt. Everest.

GEOGRAPHY

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Indonesia's variations in culture have been shaped--although not specifically determined--by centuries of complex interactions with the physical environment. Although Indonesians are now less vulnerable to the vicissitudes of nature as a result of improved technology and social programs, to some extent their social diversity has emerged from traditionally different patterns of adjustment to their physical circumstances.

Indonesia is a huge archipelagic country extending 5,120 kilometers from east to west and 1,760 kilometers from north to south. It encompasses 13,667 islands (some sources say as many as 18,000), only 6,000 of which are inhabited. There are five main islands (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya), two major archipelagos (Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands), and sixty smaller archipelagos. Two of the islands are shared with other nations; Kalimantan (known in the colonial period as Borneo, the world's third largest island) is shared with Malaysia and Brunei, and Irian Jaya shares the island of New Guinea with Papua New Guinea. Indonesia's total land area is 1,919,317 square kilometers. Included in Indonesia's total territory is another 93,000 square kilometers of inlands seas (straits, bays, and other bodies of water). The additional surrounding sea areas bring Indonesia's generally recognized territory (land and sea) to about 5 million square kilometers. The government, however, also claims an exclusive economic zone, which brings the total to about 7.9 million square kilometers.

Geographers have conventionally grouped Sumatra, Java (and Madura), Kalimantan (formerly Borneo), and Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) in the Greater Sunda Islands. These islands, except for Sulawesi, lie on the Sunda Shelf--an extension of the Malay Peninsula and the Southeast Asian mainland. Far to the east is Irian Jaya (formerly Irian Barat or West New Guinea), which takes up the western half of the world's second largest island--New Guinea--on the Sahul Shelf. Sea depths in the Sunda and Sahul shelves average 200 meters or less. Between these two shelves lie Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara (also known as the Lesser Sunda Islands), and the Maluku Islands (or the Moluccas), which form a second island group where the surrounding seas in some places reach 4,500 meters in depth. The term Outer Islands is used inconsistently by various writers but it is usually taken to mean those islands other than Java and Madura.

Tectonically, this region--especially Java--is highly unstable, and although the volcanic ash has resulted in fertile soils, it makes agricultural conditions unpredictable in some areas. The country has numerous mountains and some 400 volcanoes, of which approximately 100 are active. Between 1972 and 1991 alone, twentynine volcanic eruptions were recorded, mostly on Java. The most violent volcanic eruptions in modern times occurred in Indonesia. In 1815 a volcano at Gunung Tambora on the north coast of Sumbawa, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, claimed 92,000 lives and created "the year without a summer" in various parts of the world. In 1883 Krakatau in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra, erupted and some 36,000 West Javans died from the resulting tidal wave. The sound of the explosion was reported as far away as Turkey and Japan. For almost a century following that eruption, Krakatau was quiet, until the late 1970s, when it erupted twice.

Mountains ranging between 3,000 and 3,800 meters above sea level can be found on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi, and Seram. The country's tallest mountains, which reach between 4,700 and 5,000 meters, are located in the Jayawijaya Mountains and the Sudirman Mountains in Irian Jaya. The highest peak, Puncak Jaya, which reaches 5,039 meters, is located in the Sudirman Mountains.

Nusa Tenggara consists of two strings of islands stretching eastward from Bali toward Irian Jaya. The inner arc of Nusa Tenggara is a continuation of the chain of mountains and volcanoes extending from Sumatra through Java, Bali, and Flores, and trailing off in the Banda Islands. The outer arc of Nusa Tenggara is a geological extension of the chain of islands west of Sumatra that includes Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano. This chain resurfaces in Nusa Tenggara in the ruggedly mountainous islands of Sumba and Timor.

The Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) are geologically among the most complex of the Indonesian islands. They are located in the northeast sector of the archipelago, bounded by the Philippines to the north, Irian Jaya to the east, and Nusa Tenggara to the south. The largest of these islands include Halmahera, Seram, and Buru, all of which rise steeply out of very deep seas. This abrupt relief pattern from sea to high mountains means that there are very few level coastal plains.

Geographers believe that the island of New Guinea, of which Irian Jaya is a part, may once have been part of the Australian continent. The breakup and tectonic action created both towering, snowcapped mountain peaks lining its central east-west spine and hot, humid alluvial plains along the coast of New Guinea. Irian Jaya's mountains range some 650 kilometers east to west, dividing the province between north and south.

Gunung Gede

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Gunung Gede merupakan sebuah gunung yang berada di pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Gunung Gede berada dalam ruang lingkup Taman Nasional Gede Pangarango, yang merupakan salah satu dari lima taman nasional yang pertama kali diumumkan di Indonesia pada tahun 1980. Terletak diantara tiga kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Bogor, Cianjur dan Sukabumi, dengan ketinggian 1.000 - 3.000 m. dpl, dan berada pada lintang 106°51' - 107°02' BT dan 64°1' - 65°1 LS. Suhu rata-rata di puncak gunung Gede 18°c dan dimalam hari suhu puncak berkisar 5°c, dengan curah hujan rata-rata 3.600 mm/tahun. Gerbang utama menuju gunung ini adalah dari Cibodas dan Cipanas.
Gunung Gede mempunyai kawasan hutan Dipterokarp Bukit, hutan Dipterokarp Atas, hutan Montane, dan Hutan Ericaceous atau hutan gunung.

Tercatat pada tahun 1819, C.G.C. Reinwardt sebagai orang yang pertama yang mendaki Gunung Gede, kemudian disusul oleh F.W. Junghuhn (1839-1861); J.E. Teysmann (1839); A.R. Wallace (1861); S.H. Koorders (1890); M. Treub (1891); W.M. van Leeuen (1911); dan C.G.G.J. van Steenis (1920-1952) telah membuat koleksi tumbuhan sebagai dasar penyusunan buku “THE MOUNTAIN FLORA OF JAVA” yang diterbitkan tahun 1972.

Gunung Gede juga memiliki keanekaragaman ekosistem yang terdiri dari ekosistem sub-montana, montana, sub-alpin, danau, rawa, dan savana.

Gunung Gede terkenal kaya akan berbagai jenis burung yaitu sebanyak 251 jenis dari 450 jenis yang terdapat di Pulau Jawa. Beberapa jenis di antaranya burung langka yaitu elang Jawa (Spizaetus bartelsi) dan burung hantu (Otus angelinae).

Gunung di Irian

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Gunung Jaya

The other place

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Gunung Agung (3.142 m) di Bali
Gunung Rinjani (3.726 m) di Lombok, gunung berapi kedua tertinggi di Indonesia
Gunung Tambora (2.850 m) di pulau Sumbawa
Krakatau di Selat Sunda

Gunung di Sumatra

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Gunung Dempo (3159 m)
Gunung Kerinci (3.805 m) gunung tertinggi di Sumatra, kedua di Indonesia dan gunung berapi tertinggi di Indonesia
Sibayak (2.212 m)
Gunung Pesagi (2.262 m)
Gunung Singgalang (2.877 m)
Gunung Marapi (2,891.3 m)
Gunung Tandikat (2438 m) Sumatra Barat
Gunung Leuser (3172 m)NAD
Gunung Perkison (2300 m) NAD

Gunung di Sulawesi

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Gunung di Kalimantan

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Gunung Palung (1116 m)

The mountain in Java

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Gunung Anjasmara (2.277 m)
Gunung Argapura (3.088 m)
Gunung Arjuno (3.339 m)
Gunung Bromo (2.392 m)
Gunung Bukit Tunggul (2.208 m)
Burangrang (2.057 m)
Gunung Cereme (3.078 m)
Gunung Cikuray (2.818 m)
Gunung Galunggung (2.167 m)
Gunung Gede (2.958 m)
Gunung Guntur (2.249 m)
Gunung Kembar I (3.052 m)
Gunung Kembar II (3.126 m)
Gunung Lawu (3.245 m)
Gunung Semeru (3.676m) gunung tertinggi di pulau Jawa dan gunung berapi ketiga tertinggi di Indonesia
Gunung Malabar (2.343 m)
Gunung Masigit (2.078 m)
Gunung Merapi (2.911 m)
Gunung Merbabu (3.145 m)
Gunung Pangrango (3.019 m)
Gunung Papandayan (2.665 m)
Gunung Patuha (2.386 m)
Gunung Penanggungan (1.653 m)
Gunung Raung (3.332 m)
Gunung Salak (2.211 m)
Gunung Slamet (3.432 m)
Gunung Sumbing (3.336 m)
Gunung Sundara (3.150 m)
Gunung Tangkuban Perahu (2.084 m)
Gunung Ungaran (2,050 m)
Gunung Wayang (2.181 m)
Gunung Welirang (3.156 m)
Gunung Wilis (2.552 m)

Top Active Volcano

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Mountain Top Active Volcano - The funniest home videos are here

9 MOUNTAINS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

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1. Puncak Jaya
5030m, Indonesia
2. Trikora
4751m, Indonesia
3. Mandala
4701m, Indonesia
4. Mt. Kinabalu
4094m, Malaysia
5. Kerintji
3809m, Indonesia
6. Rinjani
3727m, Indonesia
7. Semeru
3677m, Indonesia
8. Mt. Fansipan
3143m, Vietnam
9. Mt. Agung
3142m, Indonesia

East Indonesia

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mt.latimojong (south celebes) - 3445 M
mt.bawakareang (south celebes) - 2830 M
mt.Rante mario (south celebes) - 3478 M
mt.binaiya (maluku) - 3055 M
mt.Trikora (papua) - 4730 M
mt.Mandala (papua) - 4640 M
mt.cartenz (papua) - 4885 M
mt.Jaya (papua) - 4862 M

Bali & Nusa Tenggara

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mt. Agung ( Bali ) - 3142 M
mt. Batur ( Bali ) -1717 M
mt. Batukaru ( Bali ) - 2093 M
mt. abang ( Bali ) - 2152 M
mt. Rinjani (lombok) - 3726 M
mt.Tambora ( dompu ) - 2851 M
mt.kelimutu ( flores) - 1690 M
mt. ranakah ( NTT) - 2400 M
mt. keknemo ( NTT) - 2070 M

Java

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mt.gede (west java) - 2958 M
mt.salak (west java) - 2211 M
mt.pangrango (west java) - 3019 M
mt.ciremai (west java) - 3078 M
mt. tangkuban perahu (west java) - 2084 M
mt. slamet (central java) - 3428 M
mt.merbabu (central java) - 3142 M
mt.sindoro (central java) - 3153 M
mt.merapi (central java) - 2911 M
mt.sumbing (central java) - 3371 M
mt.lawu (central java) - 3265 M
mt.kelud (east java) - ?? earthquake and errupted in 2007... unknown the last elevation
mt.arjuna (east java) - 3339 M
mt.welirang (east java) - 3156 M
mt.Bromo (east java) - 2392 M
mt. Mahameru ( east java) - 3676 M
mt.ijen (east java) - 2386 M
mt. Raung (east java) - 3332 M
mt.argopuro (east java) - 3088 M

Sumatra

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mt.leuser (NAD) -3119 M
mt.sinabung (North Sumatra)- 2460 M
mt.sibayak (north sumatra) - 2212 M
Mt.marapi (west sumatra) - 2891 M
mt.singgalang (west sumatra) - 2877 M
mt.kerinci (jambi) - 3805 M
mt.dempo (south sumatra) - 2049 M

Bromo Mountain

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Mount Bromo also Gunung Bromo, located in the Tengger Caldera, is one of the most popular tourist attractions in East Java, Indonesia. It is an active volcano and part of the Tengger massif, and even though at 2329 meters it is not the highest peak of the massif, it is the most well known (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bromo).

Merapi Mountain

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Daily Trekking & Merapi Lava Tour

Welcome to Kaliurang
A mountain resort located about 25 kilometers north of Yogyakarta, 900 meters above sea level, on the slope of Mount Merapi, one of the most active volcanoes in the world.

Mount Merapi is Java's mystical symbol of life and truly is one of the world's most beautiful mountains. It was for centuries a spectacular sight. For a peaceful break from the tropical heat of Yogyakarta, visit the quiet highland resort of Kaliurang, only one hour by car.

Accommodations are plentifully available. One of which is the Vogels Hostel, a popular hostel which caters to western travelers, located at Jl. Astamulya No. 76. Kaliurang, Yogyakarta. Vogels Hostel organizes trekking tour to Mount Merapi.

Daily Lava Tour
Explore the depths of Kaliurang tropical rain forest; A 5-hour walk through the rain forest, through valleys, gorges and river, en route for the slopes of Mount Merapi.

See the unspoilt and original village life where the local people carry their loads on their back while at work. Also enjoy seeing a variety of tropical plants and fruits, birds, giant spiders, unique vegetations and beautiful landscapes in the freshening mountain breeze.

Gunung di Sulawesi

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Gunung di Sumatra

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Gunung Dempo (3159 m) Sumatra Selatan
Gunung Kerinci (3.805 m) Jambi gunung tertinggi di Sumatra, kedua di Indonesia dan gunung berapi tertinggi di Indonesia
Sibayak (2.212 m) Sumatra Utara
Gunung Pesagi (2.262 m) Lampung
Gunung Singgalang (2.877 m) Sumatra Barat
Gunung Marapi (2,891.3 m) Sumatra Barat
Gunung Talamau (2,912 m) Sumatra Barat
Gunung Tandikat (2438 m) Sumatra Barat
Gunung Leuser (3172 m) NAD
Gunung Perkison (2300 m) NAD

Daftar gunung di Indonesia

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Gunung di Jawa

Gunung Anjasmara (2.277 m)
Gunung Argapura (3.088 m)
Gunung Arjuno (3.339 m)
Gunung Bromo (2.392 m)
Gunung Bukit Tunggul (2.208 m)
Burangrang (2.057 m)
Gunung Cereme (3.078 m)
Gunung Cikuray (2.818 m)
Gunung Galunggung (2.167 m)
Gunung Gede (2.958 m)
Gunung Guntur (2.249 m)
Gunung Karang (1.245 m) sekitar 40 KM selatan Pandeglang
Gunung Kembar I (3.052 m)
Gunung Kembar II (3.126 m)
Gunung Lawu (3.245 m)
Gunung Semeru (3.676m) gunung tertinggi di pulau Jawa dan gunung berapi ketiga tertinggi di Indonesia
Gunung Malabar (2.343 m)
Gunung Masigit (2.078 m)
Gunung Merapi (2.911 m)
Gunung Merbabu (3.145 m)
Gunung Pangrango (3.019 m)
Gunung Papandayan (2.665 m)
Gunung Patuha (2.386 m)
Gunung Penanggungan (1.653 m)
Gunung Raung (3.332 m)
Gunung Salak (2.211 m)
Gunung Slamet (3.432 m)
Gunung Sumbing (3.336 m)
Gunung Sundara (3.150 m)
Gunung Tangkuban Perahu (2.084 m)
Gunung Ungaran (2,050 m)
Gunung Wayang (2.181 m)
Gunung Welirang (3.156 m)
Gunung Wilis (2.552 m)

Daftar_gunung_di_Indonesia

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Gunung Arjuno

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terletak di Malang, Jawa Timur, bertype Strato dengan ketinggian 3.339 m dpl dan berada di bawah Pengelolaan Tahura Raden Soeryo. Biasanya gunung ini dicapai dari dua titik pendakian yang cukup dikenal yaitu dari Tretes dan Batu.

Gunung Arjuno bersebelahan dengan Gunung Welirang. Puncak gunung Arjuno terletak pada satu punggungan yang sama dengan puncak gunung Welirang. Selain dari dua tempat diatas Guung Arjuno dapat didaki dari berbagai arah yang lain. Gunung yang terletak di sebelah barat Batu, Malang - Jawa Timur ini juga merupakan salah satu tujuan pendakian. Disamping tingginya yang telah mencapai lebih dari 3000 meter, di gunung ini terdapat beberapa objek wisata. Salah satunya adalah objek wisata air terjun Kakek Bodo yang juga merupakan salah satu jalur pendakian menuju puncak Gunung Arjuna. Meskipun selain objek wisata air terjun Kakek Bodo terdapat pula air terjun lain, tetapi para wisatawan jarang yang mendatangi air terjun lainnya, mungkin karena letak dan sarana wisatanya kurang mendukung.

Gunung Arjuno mempunyai kawasan hutan Dipterokarp Bukit, hutan Dipterokarp Atas, hutan Montane, dan Hutan Ericaceous atau hutan gunung.

Gunung Arjuno dapat didaki dan berhagai arah, arah Utara (Tretes) melalui Gunung Welirang,dan arah Timur (Lawang) dan dari arah Barat (Batu-Selecta), dan arah selatan (Karangploso).

Gunung Argapura

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Gunung Argapura merupakan sebuah gunung yang terdapat di pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Gunung Argapura mempunyai ketinggian setinggi 3.088 meter. Gunung ini sering juga disebut dengan Argopuro.

Gunung Argapura merupakan bekas gunung berapi yang sudah tidak aktif lagi.

Gunung ini termasuk bagian dari pegunungan Iyang yang terletak di kabupaten Situbondo, Jawa Timur. Berada pada posisi di antara Gunung Semeru dan Gunung Raung. Ada beberapa puncak yang dimiliki oleh gunung ini. Puncak yang terkenal bernama Puncak Rengganis/gunung Welirang(topografichen Dienst 1928). Sedangkan puncak tertingginya berada pada jarak ± 200 m di arah selatan puncak Rengganis. Puncak tertinggi ini bernama Argapoera dan ditandai dengan sebuah tugu ketinggian (triangulasi).

Gunung Argapura mempunyai kawasan hutan Dipterokarp Bukit, hutan Dipterokarp Atas, hutan Montane, dan Hutan Ericaceous atau hutan gunung.

Gunung Agung

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Gunung Agung adalah gunung tertinggi di pulau Bali dengan ketinggian 3.142 mdpl. Gunung ini terletak di kecamatan Rendang, Kabupaten Karangasem - Bali.

Gunung Agung adalah gunung berapi tipe [[stratovolcano]], gunung ini memiliki kawah yang sangat besar dan sangat dalam yang terkadang mengeluarkan asap dan uap air. Dari Pura Besakih gunung ini nampak dengan kerucut runcing sempurna, tetapi sebenarnya puncak gunung ini memanjang dan berakhir pada kawah yang melingkar dan lebar.

Dari puncak gunung Agung kita dapat melihat puncak Gunung Rinjani yang berada di pulau Lombok, meskipun kedua gunung tertutup awan karena kedua puncak gunung tersebut berada di atas awan.

Facts About Merapi: Indonesia's Mountain Of Fire

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Indonesia's Mount Merapi is the nation's second most active volcano and has great spiritual significance for those living on its fertile slopes.

Merapi, which means "Mountain of Fire", typically has small eruptions every two to three years, and larger ones about once every 10 to 15 years.

Its last major eruption was in 1994, when 66 people were killed. It also spewed smoke and lava in 2001 but no major eruption followed.

Located about 400 kilometres (250 miles) east of Jakarta in Central Java province, it looms over the Kedu plain and provides rich, bountiful soils for the thousands of people living around it.

Merapi holds particular significance for the Javanese as it is one of four places where officials from the royal palaces of Java's Yogyakarta and Solo make annual offerings to placate the spirits of ancient Javanese mythology.

Superstitious Javanese believe that a volcano's eruption is the result of spirits being angered by not receiving sufficient offerings or by a disrespectful attitude among the people living on its slopes.

Traditional beliefs hold that Merapi will only erupt after certain omens, some of which appear in dreams, leaving many residents reluctant to leave without them becoming apparent.

A new lava dome has been rapidly forming at the peak of 2,914-metre (9,616-foot) Mount Merapi, growing 75 metres in two weeks. The volcano was put on "stand-by" status one month ago.

Scientists predict that the dome's collapse will spew red-hot lava as well as deadly nuees ardentes, a geological term for clouds of volcanic gases, ash, and dust, reaching temperatures up to 500 degrees Celsius (930 degrees Fahrenheit).

Local authorities in the four districts around the volcano have already banned climbing near Merapi's peak, halted sand mining operations at its foot and warned people living higher on its slopes to be prepared for evacuation weeks ago.

Temporary shelters and vehicles have already been prepared for the evacuation, with several thousand people evacuating voluntarily but many returning to their homes.

Indonesia lies on the so-called Pacific Rim of Fire, where the meeting of continental plates causes frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The nation is home to more than 120 active volcanoes.

In August 1883, the biggest natural phenomenon ever seen on earth took place when after lying dormant for 300 years Indonesia's Krakatoa volcano burst to life, showering debris on Java and Sumatra islands and killing about 36,000 people.

The noise of the eruption reached Australia and territories located more than 4,000 kilometers away, while waves reaching up to 40 metres laid to waste nearby islands and were felt as far away as the English Channel.

Indonesia's Mount Kelut spews ash and lava

2007-11-13T09:21:00.000-08:00

Indonesian scientists Monday warned residents living on the slopes of a brewing volcano in East Java to keep their distance, after it spewed ash and lava despite a downgraded alert.

Authorities last Thursday modified a warning that Mount Kelut was about to erupt, after it appeared that the volcano was only experiencing a slow eruption and was unlikely to explode.

Volcanic activity is still high, however, with tremors continuing and a lava dome, created by lava oozing through cracks, emerging from the crater like an "island" and continuing to expand.

"Lava is constantly shooting out of the crater. We recommend people keep a distance since there is always the danger of lava material catapulting far from the crater," volcanologist Agus Budianto told AFP.

"Amazing visuals can be seen from our CCTV (closed-circuit television)... The island is now 250 metres (yards) in diameter and stands 120 metres above the lake surface," he added.

Residents are being warned to stay at least three kilometres (two miles) from the crater. The danger zone was a 10-kilometre radius around the crater when the volcano was on its top alert, forcing the evacuation of thousands of people who have since returned home.

Smoke plumed up to two kilometres out of Mount Kelut on Sunday afternoon and ash covered a number of villages around the volcano.

"We have not made our own observations, but we heard reports of ash rain in several surrounding villages," volcanologist Jajang said from a monitoring post near the nearby town of Kediri.

Several volcanoes in Indonesia, which sits on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" where continental plates collide, have roared to life in recent weeks.

The archipelagic nation is home to about 130 active volcanoes, including 21 on Java.